by Birgit Eggert
In contemporary Danish naming conventions, it is uncommon to use surnames as first names. Consequently, many Danes may find it surprising that Møller is used as a first name. Møller is one of the most prevalent surnames in Denmark and is, in fact, the most frequent surname that is not originally a patronymic; it derives from a byname meaning ‘miller’. However, Møller is also an officially approved first name for boys, with 26 individuals bearing it as their primary first name as of 1 January 2025, according to Statistics Denmark.
The name enjoyed considerable popularity as a given name throughout the 1900s, particularly in the early decades of the century. Although it does not appear to have been used as a first name since 1980 (see Figure 1), Møller is currently an approved given name for boys. It was automatically approved with the introduction of the current name law on 1 April 2006, when all given names with at least 25 bearers in Denmark at that time were approved.

Surnames as first names
The fundamental premise of the Danish name law appears to be that first names and surnames are entirely distinct entities. However, in practice, many names are used both as first names and surnames. These are often boys’ names that were originally used patronymically, such as Eggert, Helmer, Martin, Peter, and many others. Conversely, Møller and several other original bynames and surnames have transitioned from being surnames to first names. Very few of these names are approved today, either because no application for approval has been submitted or because they have been rejected upon application.
There are indeed several names that have undergone this transition, and it appears to have been a genuine, albeit minor, trend in Danish naming practices during the 1900s. However, this phenomenon has not been systematically studied, so detailed knowledge is lacking. Some other examples include:
- Holten – 23 name bearers as the primary first name between 1900 and 1980 (Danskernes navne); fewer than 3 as the primary first name on Januar 1st 2025; approved boys’ name.
- Kjær – 70 name bearers as the primary first name between ca. 1890 and 1970 (Danskernes Navne); 10 as the primary first name on Januar 1st 2025; not approved as a first name today.
- Lund – 52 name bearers as the primary first name between ca. 1890 og 1960 (Danskernes Navne); 9 as the primary first name on Januar 1st 2025; not approved as a first name today.

Noble family names as first names
The phenomenon of surnames being adopted as first names is longstanding in Denmark. Among the earliest instances are noble family names that have been used as boys’ first names since approximately 1400, particularly when there was a risk of the maternal family name becoming extinct. This was investigated by Susanne Vogt in 1991, and there are numerous examples of the last female bearers of a family name passing it on as a first name to a son. In this manner, the family name could be preserved.
A very common and well-known boys’ name in Denmark that originated in this manner is Flemming. The same applies to other, less common boys’ names such as Falk, Hak, Manderup, and Stygge, all of which are approved boys’ names today.
Holten, mentioned above, also originates from a noble family. The basis for the given name is Johan Lorentz Carstens (or Castens) (1705-1747), who was ennobled with the name Castenschiold in 1745. He was married to Jacoba von Holten (b. 1705, daughter of Governor Joachim Melchior von Holten), and it was her family name that came into use as a first name through naming after her father in the third son of the marriage, Joachim Melchior Holten Castenschiold (1743-1817). As early as the 18th century, Holten was also used as a first name outside the nobility, and it continued to be used throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century, as mentioned above.
Should the name law be changed?
In recent years, the Name Research Archive has received several inquiries from parents wishing to name their child after a relative who bore one of these given names that are identical to surnames. If such a name is not already approved, obtaining approval from The Agency of Family Law can be very challenging, as surnames with fewer than 2000 bearers are protected in Denmark. Parents contact the archive because they find it difficult to understand why a name they are familiar with can no longer be used.
In some of these cases, arguments and evidence for the prevalence of these given names were successfully presented, which contributed to their approval. However, the exact criteria used by The Agency of Family Law remain unclear. It appears that deceased name bearers are not significantly considered in this system, which I find regrettable. This implies that traditional naming customs, which have not become part of the most popular naming trends, may vanish because there are insufficient living individuals with the specific name when one wishes to revive a grandparent’s or great-grandparent’s name.
Names such as these indicate that the strict distinction made in Danish the name law between first names and surnames is likely too rigid and hinders a naming tradition that may have been more widespread than commonly assumed, albeit dispersed across many different names. This type of naming practice should, of course, be investigated further. However, those names that were in use in the first half of the 20th century are now at an age where some individuals wish to name their children after these name bearers, and it appears to be challenging in some cases.
This blog post is an edited English version of Møller – et dansk fornavn
References
- The Agency of Family Law: This is the public authority responsible for first names and approving new first names. See their English-language pages about naming.
- Approved Names: The Agency of Family law’s lists of approved first names. The official, applicable list is available on The Agency of Family Law’s homepage.
- CPR = Det Centrale Personregister [The central personal register]
- Danskernes Navne 2005: Database at the Name Research Archive, Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics (NorS), University of Copenhagen, containing all names of Danes recorded in the CPR since its establishment in 1968 until 1 January 2005.
- Name Law 2006: LOV nr. 524 af 24. juni 2005 Navnelov [Law no. 524 of June 24th 2005 Name Law] (effective date: April 1st 2006). (The Name Law is continuously adapted, and the current version per August 9th 2023 can be found here.
- Statistics Denmark’s pages on names.
- Susanne Vogt, 1991: Mødrene slægtsnavn brugt som første fornavn i dansk adel. I: Studia anthroponymica Scandinavica 9, s. 61-99.
In the proofreading process of editing this blog post, the generative AI tool Microsoft Copilot Enterprise has been used.