by Birgit Eggert
On January 1st 2026, there were 14 men and 14 women in Denmark whose first given name was Gunder. In contrast, the phonetically similar name forms Gunnar and Gunner were borne exclusively by men and in considerably higher numbers: 2,824 men named Gunnar and 696 men named Gunner. Correspondingly, as of June 19th 2026, Gunder is officially approved as both a male and a female given name (i.e. a unisex name), whereas Gunnar and Gunner are approved solely as male given names.
Unisex names
It is well established that the Danish Agency of Family Law’s list of approved unisex names has expanded in recent years. Many contemporary Danish unisex names have been borrowed from other countries, but there also exists a group of old, native names with roots in the Viking Age that became unisex in Denmark several centuries ago. This development is attributable to linguistic change in Danish, whereby distinct name forms converged into identical forms.
Among these is Gunder, which most people today would probably regard as a masculine name. However, it has in fact been used as a feminine name since the Middle Ages and therefore does not belong to the recent trend towards an increasing number of unisex names but rather represents a very long continuity of usage in Denmark.

Given names in the Danish Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, Danish naming practices underwent a profound transformation with the introduction of numerous new names through Christianity. Names of saints and biblical figures became so widespread that by the end of the medieval period only approximately 5–10% of name-bearers retained Old Norse names, and the percentage only gets this high when it includes the Nordic saintly names Ole, Knud, and Erik.
In the shadow of the many Christian names, some Old Norse names survived throughout the Middle Ages and into the early modern period. Some of these later disappeared, while others persisted further into later periods, and a few have endured into the present day.
Norse names in Denmark
Today, a wide range of Nordic names is in use; however, the majority of these can be traced to the so-called Nordic Name Renaissance, a naming trend in the early nineteenth century inspired by Romantic literature on the Nordic past. This movement introduced new given names such as Hakon and Gunhild. These were Icelandic name forms adapted slightly to Danish, whereas the older Danish forms of the same names, Hagen and Gunnel, did not achieve the same popularity at the time.
Gunder as a masculine name
One of the Norse names reintroduced in the nineteenth century is the masculine name Gunnar. The form with -a- in the final, unstressed syllable is not originally Danish, as all unstressed vowels were reduced to schwa [ə]—often represented by -e-—in the medieval period. The original post medieval Danish form of this masculine name is therefore Gunner.
In the Middle Ages, the consonant clusters -nn- and -nd- merged phonetically into an n-sound, and words such as hånd ’hand’ and binde ’to bind’ has since then been pronounced without the d-sound. Nevertheless, the spelling -nd- continued to be used in writing, often even where it was not historically justified. Consequently, Gunner could occasionally also be spelled Gunder.
Gunder as a feminine name
The feminine name Gunder is a Danish development of a name that appears in Old West Norse as Gunnvǫr. In modern times, the forms Gunvor and Gunver are well known in Denmark; however, like Gunnar, they represent nineteenth-century borrowed forms. In Danish, the name lost its –v– already in the early Middle Ages and took the form Gunnur. Subsequently, the unstressed -u- was reduced to schwa [ə], rendering the name identical in form to the masculine name Gunner. As with the latter, it could also be written with -nd-.

Gunder in Denmark in the early modern period
Sources from the eighteenth century onwards show that the originally distinct names were used in the same spelling as a relatively rare given name for both women and men. Thus, the name is recorded ten times as a rare given name in the so-called Jessen Reports, which, among other things, catalogue uncommon given names in the 1740s. Of these ten instances, the name appears twice as a masculine name, four times as a feminine name, three times as a unisex name, and once without specification of gender.
The Danish Demographic Database at the Danish National Archives allows searches in the earliest Danish censuses, thereby providing insight into naming practices over several centuries. The earliest nationwide census listing all inhabitants by name dates from 1787; here, the name appears among 276 individuals:
- 236 with the form Gunder (124 women, 112 men)
- 39 with the form Gunner (12 women, 27 men)
- 1 Gunnar (1 man)
Gunder in more recent times
In the 1845 census, Gunder had become more strongly established as a feminine name at the expense of its use as a masculine name. Of the total 296 individuals bearing the various spelling variants of the name, 239 were women, and the spelling Gunder predominated:
- 271 Gunder (230 women, 41 men)
- 22 Gunner (7 women, 15 men)
- 3 Gunnar (2 women, 1 man)
This situation has changed entirely in the present day. Gunnar and Gunner became fashionable male names in the 1910s and 1920s, and as of January 1st 2019 these two spellings had 3,963 (Gunnar) and 979 (Gunner) male bearers respectively; at that time, no women bore the name in these forms as a first given name.
The spelling Gunder, by contrast, had only 43 bearers in 2019, comprising 28 women and 15 men. In other words, the name Gunder, which—with its spelling variants—had functioned as a unisex name since the Middle Ages, underwent a differentiation around 1900 whereby the spelling variants Gunnar and Gunner, previously relatively rare spellings of Gunder, became exclusively masculine names, while the formerly most common spelling, Gunder, remained a unisex name.
As noted above, this differentiation of spelling variants is reflected in contemporary naming regulation: Gunder is approved as a unisex name in Denmark, whereas Gunnar and Gunner are approved only as male names, despite the fact that all three spellings have functioned as variants of the same name for several centuries.
Comparable developments in other names
The case of Gunder, which became a unisex name due to phonological changes in medieval Danish, is not unique. There are several examples of originally distinct masculine and feminine names converging into homophonous forms during the Middle Ages. This applies, for instance, to Helle and Bodel, as discussed in the article The continuity of Viking Age names in Denmark – 18th-century evidence of long-lasting survivors.
That article also examines other names with roots in the Viking Age that survived in isolated pockets across Denmark despite the strong pressure from Christian naming practices, including Gorm, Gye, and Gundel.
This is an adapted and updated English version of Gunder – kvinder eller mandsnavn? published on December 1st 2021.






